The biography of Chukovsky briefly

St. Petersburg 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya St. But still, he went down in history as the author of children's poems, which in the age of computer technology are popular among children. Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky childhood the future writer was born in St. Petersburg on the last March day of the year under the name Nikolai Kornechukov. The surname passed to him from his mother - the peasant woman of Catherine.

The doctor Solomon Levenson, in whose service was Catherine, had a son - Emmanuel, with whom the woman began an affair. Two children appeared in the ensuing love connection: Nikolai and his elder sister Maria. The official marriage between the Orthodox and the Jew in those days was impossible. Some of them had to change the religion, but in the case of the housekeeper and the master's son, it did not reach, and Levenson Sr.

opposed an unequal marriage. As a result, after seven years of relations between the maid with his heir, he kicked Korneychukov for the threshold with his own grandchildren. She had no choice but to go to relatives in Odessa. In this city, where Kolya was three -year -old, and his childhood passed. In those years, he did not even have a middle name as an illegitimate. The burden of unawares pressed the boy.

He was ashamed of his origin and often felt humiliated, especially when he entered the age when young people began to call by name and patronymic. The name of Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky appeared in Nikolai later. At first he used it as a literary pseudonym, and after the revolution he officially received documents with a new name. In Odessa, Nikolai’s mother took up any work - shewa, washed the linen, worked as a maid.

She arranged her son in kindergarten. About the time spent in this place, Chukovsky had the warmest memories. In the kindergarten, he found his best friend - Vladimir Zabotinsky, who was also destined to become a writer, as well as the creator of the Jewish Legion. Korneychukov entered school, but in the fifth grade he was kicked out as a "cook son." By a new order, only children born in a legitimate marriage could receive school education.

The boy began to work, bringing a pretty penny to the family budget: glued posters, cleaned the roofs, sold newspapers. He did not abandon to study: he read a lot, especially highlighted Dumas and Edgar, with the help of a tutorial, he learned English. The beginning of creative activity in the year Chukovsky began to publish his materials in the newspaper Odessa News. The debut article of the novice journalist was attributed to the editor by his friend Vladimir Zabotinsky.

The Chukovsky fee amounted to seven rubles. The nineteen -year -old author spent this money on new clothes, realizing that the status of a “writing person” obliges to have an appropriate appearance. Two years later, Nikolai, at that time already a married man, went with his wife to London as a correspondent of Odessa News. The publisher appointed him a large monthly salary at that time - a hundred rubles.

Foreign publications of Chukovsky appeared on pages and other publications. The salaries of the journalist were paid irregularly, and then she completely stopped acting. Chukovsky sent his already pregnant wife to his homeland by that time, and he lingered in England for some time. He earned a living by rewriting museum catalogs. Then he had the opportunity to read many well -known works of British classics, for example, Charles Dickens.

In Odessa, Korney Chukovsky returned in the year. In St. Petersburg, he soon moved to his native St. Petersburg from the Black Sea city. For some time he wrote materials about the novelties of literature and premieres for one of the theater publications, and later began to release a satirical journal called “Signal”, in which Alexander Kuprin, Nadezhda Taffy, Fedor Sologub were published.

The political judgments of Chukovsky with an expression of disrespect to the monarch brought him to the arrest to the pages of the fourth issue of the publication. A few days later he managed to be released thanks to the help of an experienced lawyer, Oscar Gruzenberg. Later, Chukovsky tried to revive the magazine under the new name “Signals”, but it was closed after four issues.

In this place, he met the artist Ilya Repin. It was he who connected the name of the writer and the name of the village in one word. It turned out "Chukokkala." So the manuscript almanac was named, which Chukovsky made up from a year and until the end of his days. It all started with a notebook in which friends and acquaintances who came to visit him signed. They made drawings in the almanac, wrote epigrams and impromptu.

In Chukoccal, Ivan Bunin, Maxim Gorky, Anna Akhmatova, Osip Mandelstam left their autographs ... Over the years, from the usual Chukoccal notebook, it has turned into a weighty volume of more than six hundred pages with four branches. The manuscript almanac was planned to be published in the sixties, even during the life of Chukovsky, but he never came out, because even by that time not all names from his pages could be mentioned in print for ideological reasons.Chukovsky and Nekrasov in his literary work of the roots Chukovsky analyzed the work of many famous contemporaries and classics, for example, wrote books about Blok, Akhmatova and Mayakovsky.

In the year of the October Revolution, he took up the study of the work of his beloved poet Nekrasov. Korney Ivanovich studied a huge number of manuscripts, leaving scientific comments on these texts. As a result, the material was gained on a whole monograph. The author called it simply - "The skill of Nekrasov." The book was repeatedly reprinted, first published in the year. Ten years later, Korney Chukovsky received the Lenin Prize for this work.

Thanks to the efforts of Chukovsky after the revolution, many verses of Nikolai Alekseevich were published, which had not previously went into a seal for one or another reasons. Chukovsky for children and children, despite the fact that many perceive Chukovsky as a poet who wrote for children, he took up this direction in his work only in the year, when he had a lot of experience in criticism.

The fairy tale "Crocodile" was the debut in this genre. Subsequently, he introduced little readers to his doctor Aibolit, a fly-yoke, Fedora and other characters of his amazing poems. However, the author’s children's works were not without attacks. Nadezhda Krupskaya as an ideologist of Soviet education “walked” according to his “crocodile”, applying to him such epithets as “dregs” and “disrespect for the child”: what does all this nonsense mean?

What political meaning does it have? To accustom the child to chat all the nonsense, to read all nonsense, perhaps, is accepted in bourgeois families, but this has nothing to do with the upbringing that we want to give our younger generation. Such chatter is disrespect for the child. Among party censors, the term "Chukovshchina" began to go even. Although at the same time it did not interfere with the installation of sculptural compositions of characters from the poet’s books.

As, for example, the Barmaley fountain in Stalingrad. But in vain. Under the pressure of criticism, Chukovsky renounced his tales on the pages of the Literary Gazeta that he subsequently spared. That year, in principle, laid the foundation for the black period of his life. At first, his daughter Moore fell ill after two years, under the terror of the year, the editors of the children's literature of Samuel Marshak, in which his other daughter, Lydia worked, could not resist.

She herself escaped the arrest, but the son -in -law of Chukovsky was arrested and shot. In the thirties, Korney Chukovsky was studying children's speech. The writer outlined his observations in the book "From two to five." In the year, Chukovsky wrote the script for the animated film “Limpopo”, and two years later-“Barmaley” and “Flies-Tsokotukha”. In the cartoon of the year "Telephone" he read a sunsid text.

During the war, Chukovsky was evacuated in Tashkent. To put his contribution to the fight against the Nazis, the poet took up the writing of a new poetic fairy tale. It was called "we will reassure Barmaley! Her characters became familiar to children Aibolit and Barmaley, as well as the valiant hero Vanya Vasilchikov. The fairy tale was printed in Pioneer Pravda during the battle for Stalingrad.

And in the year she came out in a separate publication, however, at the same time, Stalin personally deleted her from the anthology of Soviet poetry. A year later, critics began to be called the new children's work of the author “nonsense”, as well as “harmful and vulgar cooking”. As a result, the fairy tale was not included in the collection of Korney Ivanovich “Miracle-Werew” preparing for the exit.

True, individual chapters from it were nevertheless published in other collections of Chukovsky for children. At sunset, recent years in the life and work of the writer were prosperous. He lived in the country in Peredelkino. At the end of the fifties, the writer gave the library with the entire book fund built at his expense at the disposal of local authorities. He met in his cottage with the children who lived in the district, talked with them and read poetry to them.

Famous people also visited these gatherings - writers, pilots and artists. Korney Ivanovich failed to realize his plan for the publication of the Bible retelling, on whom he worked in co -authorship with other writers, acting as an editor. Given the Soviet realities, in this arrangement of the biblical text of God they began to call the wizard of Yahweh. The book "Babylonian tower and other ancient legends" was published in the year.

But in the end, all copies of the “legends” were destroyed by order of the authorities. The personal life of the Korney Chukovsky's family life of the writer began in the year: he married Maria Goldfeld, the daughter of an accountant and housewife. The first -born of Chukovsky - Nikolai - was born in, having matured, became a writer and translator. His daughter Lydia also connected her life with literary work.

The third child of Korney Ivanovich - Boris - received the profession of an engineer, participated in the Great Patriotic War, went missing in its first year.