Biography of Rene Laennek

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Key Words: Rene Laennec, Stethoscope, History. Dedicated to the memory of Professor Pavlina Chankova - whose untimely death was an irreparable loss for our education and our friendship. Recently it has been years since the day the outstanding French clinician and pathologist Rene Laennek was born, the doctor who invented the stethoscope and introduced auscultation into clinical practice.

The predecessors in Giovanni Battista Morgany -, professor and consultant to the Department of Anatomy and Surgery of the University of Padua, Italy, published in Venice the work of his life - “De Sedibus and Causis Morborum in Anatomen Indagatis” about the whereabouts and causes of diseases revealed by an anatomist. This classic work, which was created for many years and was completed in its advanced years, laid the foundations of modern pathology.

Performing an autopsy of deceased patients, he not only documented and described various changes in the organs, but also found the relationship between the symptoms of the disease that led to death and pathological changes discovered by Post Mortem. He sent letters to friends all over Italy, reporting his discoveries. Those, in turn, made observations and autopsy confirmed the data obtained.

The fundamental work of Morgany included 70 chapters collected in 5 volumes. Doctors first received reliable information provided by Morgana not only about various changes in organs that occur in various diseases, but also clinical data on symptoms leading to these changes [1, 2]. In the same city, the author, Joseph Leopold Auenbroger, was at that time a doctor in an elite Spanish military hospital [2, 3] Fig.

Outstanding work included 95 pages. Auenbruger in the book set out his discovery of percussion of the chest. Picking with fingers on the chest of patients and listening to the rice produced. Auenbrugger - a clear sound indicated the lack of pathology in the chest, while a dumb and low sound was a sign of the disease. Auenbruger subsequently confirmed the connection between different sounds and pulmonary diseases by posthumous studies and experiments on corpses.

Thus, he effectively used the principle of “impact” as a diagnostic tool for chest diseases [4, 5]. In the preface to his book, L. Auenbruger wrote: “He consists in the percussion of the chest, on the basis of which, in accordance with the nature of the extracted specific sounds, the idea of ​​the internal condition of the chest cavity is formed. Publishing my discoveries regarding this issue, I was not encouraging either itching or addiction to speculative reasoning, but the desire to present the fruits of seven -year observations and thoughts to my brothers.

Doing this, I am aware of the dangers that I have to encounter, since this has always been the fate of those who described and improved the art and science with their discoveries, to be besieged envy, anger, hatred, slander and slander the new diagnostic method was first left without attention of the contemporaries of the Vienna doctor. The heyday of the percussion method occurred only after G.

by publishing his own translation “Inventum Norum”, the Corvizar pointed out: “This is precisely his Auenbroger and the remarkable discovery that rightfully belongs to him, I hope to return to life.” With the first English translation of Inventum Novum, Sir John Forbes in the city of Perkusia, thus, has gained its recognition and is today one of the main physical methods of examination.

Namely, in an era that was marked by revolutions, wars and scientific progress, one of the greatest doctors of all time was born and his life was forever remained in the history of medicine. Rene Theophilia Giacint Laennek, his mother died of tuberculosis, and his father was not worried about the fate of his children. When the young Rene was seven years old, he and his brother were given in the care of their Uncle Guillaume Laen-Neck, who was a student of the prominent English surgeon John Hunter, as well as the dean of the university in Nantes.

Since the young man grew up in abundance, he studied the science typical of that time: religion, grammar, geography, Latin, reaching perfection in them. At the age of 11, he successfully translated some works of Virgil into French. He later learned the Greek language, which gave him the opportunity to read Hippocrates in the original. He studied the ancient Celtic language of the Britons and found interesting correspondences with the Sanskrit of ancient India.

He was carried away by playing the flute, and by his own admission, sometimes he was engaged in more than six hours a day. In the city, under the leadership of his uncle, the young La-Ennek studied anatomy, physiology, pathology and therapy.At the age of 14, he worked in a military hospital in Nante as a third -class surgeon [1, 6]. The environment and atmosphere of the camp inspired him to write a poem under the name “War of whims” [1].

Thanks to the acquired art of stenography, a talented student left for the next generations the records of his lectures, called “Aphorisms received from the lectures of a citizen of the Corvizar”, which are still stored in Nana [1, 6]. Laenneck published his first work on calcification of the mitral valve with the expansion of the left ventricle, in which he used the infantomic material.

Then followed a scientific message about peritonitis, an anatomical description of a fake bag. In addition, he studied the capsules of the liver, spleen and kidneys. The stubborn work of the young Laennek was rewarded in the same year, he was regularly published in the journal of medicine, where a message about meningitis and pneumonia studies appeared [6]. Gradually, Laennek has established himself as the most recognized pathologist of his time.

Working without a microscope and armed only with a magnifying glass, he described with great accuracy the atrophic form of cirrhosis of the liver of Laennek and gave the name of the disease from the Greek Kirros - yellow [1, 5, 6, 7]. In the period from the city of Rene Laenneck, he stubbornly worked on the problem of tuberculosis. At that time, half of the hospitalized patients suffered from tuberculosis - an infant, which was still known to Hippocrates, and whose etiopathogenesis remained a secret for many centuries [1, 2].

It was known that the disease is characterized by the presence of cough, hemoptysis and fever, but no one suggested its infectious nature. After performing a thousand autopsy, Laennek together with a fellow student Boyle combined various clinical forms of tuberculosis in one disease, which was characterized by the presence of Tubercles tubercles in all affected organs.

It was the hillock, the main distinguishing morphological brand of the disease, and gave the name to a fatal disease - tuberculosis. In addition, in one of his lectures, given in March, G. Laennek accurately formulated the concept of “Phthisis Pulmonum” - pulmonary consumption of Fig. At the same time, he did not believe in the infectious nature of the disease. Decades later, the German doctor Robert Coch will put an end to many years of disputes.

In his epoch-making lecture “Uber Dietuberkulose” “On Tuberculosis”, presented on March 24, Berlin Association of Physiologists, he will undoubtedly prove that tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria discovered by him, and this sensational news flew around the whole world within one day [8]. Even an experienced clinician Laennek did not believe in the infectious nature of the tuberculosis, and he attached special importance to the role of food, emotional stress and climate for the clinical development of the disease.

The recording of his consultation of the patient has been preserved, where numerous hygienic and dietary recommendations are presented: “Change air, leave the Parisian climate for a while. To go south of France and travel along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea to inhale the air of plants, especially coastal ones. Carefully avoid cold and damp. There are only easily transcious foods; Give preference to light gelatinous broths of poultry meat, with the addition of a small amount of beef and vegetables.

Milk, dairy products, donkey milk in the appropriate season, pasta and products containing starch, low -fat and easily digested fish varieties, fruits, sugary and prepared in the form of compotes are the most suitable food. To have fun, engage in diverse and pleasant things to increase the duration of sleep, go to bed earlier and get up later. Try to take a raised position in the bed by using two pillows.

Laenneck was sure that the evaporation of marine plants possessed antitubercular properties. He created an artificial marine atmosphere, covering the floor with seaweed in one of the halls of the La Charite hospital in Paris, where he worked for a long time. The young scientist expressed his opinion that a group of ancient Greek doctors was hidden under the name of Hippocrates.

He emphasized that the main approach to the teaching of Hippocrates was focused on the prognosis of the disease, while the diagnosis remained aside. For the young Laennek, the diagnosis was the main goal of medicine and the heart of the doctor’s art [1, 6]. In the same year, along with Guillaume Dupyutren, he founded the French anatomical society, of which he later became the chairman.

Soon after, he was appointed personal physician of Cardinal Joseph Fesh, Uncle Napoleon I, but the cardinal was exiled after the fall of Napoleon in the city of Rene Laennek worked as a practicing doctor, gave private anatomy lessons and continued to be printed in a journal of medicine. He made interesting observations about the attacks of the chest toad, from which he suffered from.

He defined the disease as “Cardiac Neuralgia” heart neuralgia due to the fact that during autopsy, he often could not find pathological damage to coronary vessels [6]. Rene Laennek was offered an academic post in the famous Parisian hospital “Necker”, where he was instructed to lead the clinic of internal diseases for a hundred beds [1, 6]. The internal regulations introduced by him are interesting to this day: “When the patient enters the military infirmary, the student must describe the signs of the disease in accordance with his knowledge.

After that, I examine the patient, and will inform you about the symptoms I have discovered.