Biography medicine

Shalamov’s work confirms this opinion. Among the numerous allegories, his prose “Medical Metaphors” in all their diversity occupies a central place. With their help, Shalamov described the realities of camp life: “More than a thousand people lay on the racks of a huge Packgausa. Camp blood circulation, where red blood cells - living people were disturbed ”[1; ], “Typhoid quarantine” [hereinafter our discharge.

These convulsions of the trees, dying convulsions were the same everywhere. Hippocrates of a tree mask [6] I saw more than once ”[2; ]. These red blood cells were not in the shamanic blood of his father ”[4; ]. Jurgenson [7]. According to its conclusions, “the images of the discarded and newly growing skin are the metaphors of the inevitable distortion of the original experience”: “...

and if you write, then the very words that the Kolyma glove could bring - the worker glove, the corpus callosum, erased with scrap into the blood, with fingers bent over the cuttings of the blade” [2; ]. Allegories of the bodily replaced, transient and mental enduring noisy shouts in the story “Prostheses”. In this plot, before imprisoned in the insulator, prisoners should under record in the book to hand over all dangerous things, including artificial parts of the body: crutches, corsets, hands, legs, and artificial eyes.

We will collect all parts of the body.

What are you? Are you handing over your soul? With the help of medical metaphors, Shalamov reveals a huge set of the realities of the Gulag: from the degradation of the camp, who, even if he avoids death, lives for a long time, perverted reflexes, until the effectiveness of the Stalin Femis, based on the knocking out confidence. Its author compares with one hundred percent efficiency that Penicillin gave in the post -war years.

Shalamov’s symbol of freedom is naturally a stethoscope, who simultaneously outlined his belonging to the profession of a medic: “This stethoscope is a symbol and a sign of my return to life, a promise of freedom, a promise of will, a promise that has come true.” And in this mistake there was a deep meaning ”[1; ]. However, when describing the life and death of the camps, Shalamov meets artistic metaphors that can cause disgust: “I, an old diaper, have now acquired good evidence for hospitalization.

I was proud that I could expose my ass to any doctor-and most importantly-to any non-doctor, and the back will spit out a lump of saving mucus, show the world greenish-gray, with bloody veins of the emerald-dysenteric gem ”[2; ]. In the absence of a baclaboratory, only feces with a blood mixed, which the doctor evaluated visually, could be such a pass.

Shame in these cases was a too human concept that goes beyond the limits of camp life. Shalamov confirms this prose of camp life with poems, which we considered it necessary to bring below in the form of an epigraph. Clinical cases-the history of the disease of heroes fighting or not fighting with an ailment, defeating, or dying in this struggle, the actions of doctors in relation to their patients are represented by the authors-medical authors in a wide variety of contexts-military Hemingway, criminal conch, social Chekhov or Veresaev, fantastic Bulgaks.

The horror of the disease in them changes to the horror of camp everyday life. Particularly striking plots dedicated to the salvation of the life of suicide from among the prisoners. In the story “Cycut” there are three prisoners of Baltic - Estonian, Lithuanian and Latvian two - the doctors themselves, decide to take accounts with life in order to avoid departure to a special camp.

They sort out many ways: rush under the bullets of the convoys, drown in the river, open the veins, which are gradually disclosed as unreliable. More reliable poisoning with phenol, but a burn of the pharynx with acid is very painful among the medications of the sanctuary. As a result: “Harleis drained, but did not swallow, but spat out, and through the bodies of the fallen reached the water supply, rinked his mouth burned with water.

Draudvilas and anti -writhed and wheezed. Harleis tried to figure out what he had to say during the investigation ”[2; ]. Harleis not only survived and realized what to say in the investigation, but forever forgot about what had happened, convincing himself that an accident occurred. In another story, the hero, unable to withstand humiliation, also ends with suicide, drinking acid.

Without feeling an immediate effect, giving a report that they will find it and will save him, he cuts the veins on his wrist, but the blood goes too slowly, then he reaches the river and tries to drown, but he is pulled out of the wormwood. Seraphim smiled. Glucose was introduced into the right hand. The old man who saw the species, the doctor, unclenched Seraphim's teeth with his spatula, looked his throat and called the surgeon.

The operation was done immediately, but too late. The walls of the stomach and the esophagus were eaten with acid - the initial calculation of Seraphim was completely correct ”[1; ]. The hero of the story “Businessman” Kolya Ruchkin is an acquaintance, he blew up a capsule in his hand and, having lost his fingers, hit the hospital bed, thereby avoiding “general work”. But crazy had nothing to do with it.Despite the fact that phantom pain was known back in the 16th century, its mechanisms and treatment methods have not yet been fully studied.

It is not even clear how phantom pains are mental, how much a somatic basis. The anesthetics and blockade of the nerve endings in the early stages do not give the desired effect, but over time the pain becomes less painful and even pass, which happened to the Shalamov hero to his joy: “The pain in the cut brush arose less and less, the world became normal. Rushkin rejoiced at his happiness.

And he smiled, smiled, recalling how cleverly he did all this ”[1; ]. Shalamov, as a paramedic of surgical departments, could come across himself or draw information about the “lion mask” from lectures, about the progressive leprosy polynexation, leading to loss of sensitivity in the limbs and subsequent mutilation of the fingers of the fingers of patients with leprosy.

He also knew that the histology of tissue granulomas is currently the only confirmation of the diagnosis of Liaz. The clinical picture of the leprosy is also described by him with great knowledge of the matter. In Kolyma’s stories, the lepers, who fell into the camp, became outcasts of outcasts. If the leprosy develops slowly and inexorably, gradually disfiguring the patient, then the horror of an epileptic seizure taking place with the prisoner of Butyr’s prison, in his surprise and inexplicably.

Alekseev shouted plaintively, swing his hands and collapsed on the bunks of the back. His face was eagerly, bubble foam flowed from his blue mouth, weakened lips. Warm sweat appeared on gray cheeks, on a hairy chest. The neighbors grabbed hands, fell on the feet of Alekseev. ” This plot has a terrible impression made by the “big” epipropa of Franz. This is epilepsy. Make sure that the language does not sink ...

there will be the next seizure - you do not need to call. One of the most capacious clinical cases of Shalamov is presented in the story of “Aortic Aneurysm” [8]. In it, the doctor Gennady Petrovich Zaitsev makes this diagnosis to the patient Katya Glovatskaya, left for him at night for love pleasures. It must be said that in this story, Shalamov, with his characteristic thoroughness, describes not aneurysm of aorta, but another disease - a heart disease - narrowing of the aortic valve that, judging by the plot of the story, was suspected by Kolyma doctors at Glovatsky.

A symptom of cat purring systolic trembling on the chest wall, not a sound, but a sensation of vibration, detected by feeling, is typical of the aortic stenosis. The pallor of Katya Glovatskaya also speaks of him. I did so and immediately felt strong, uneven tremors at hand. His chest shone and shook, like a fragile building in which a huge car works. In the silence that came, I heard deaf wheels in his chest.

Our medical reasoning based on the Shalamov description of the symptoms suggest that Katya actually did not have an aneurysm life-threatening because, the former assistant Pletneva, who pressed against her chest, was unlikely to miss the romantic stream of rudder of rude and visible symptoms of the terminal stage of this disease, described by Conan-Dyul. And the end of the Shalamov story may also not be as dramatic as it seems.

Fainting and attacks of angina pectoris “Immediately in Katya’s chest became hot to burning” in young women with aortic stenosis, as a rule, reversible, and do not end in death, especially if the hospital was very close. However, Shalamov is inaccurate, first of all, not in the description of the symptoms, but in the intricacies of their interpretation.

In fact, these two diseases are associated with aorta aneurysm - a very common complication of aortic defect not recognized in time. Self -grotesque is given to Shalamov’s description of Pellagra in the story “Glove”. Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of vitamin PP and the amino acids of tryptophan manifests itself in the form of “three D”: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia. The picture of pellagroous dermatitis in Shalamov looks frightening: in fact, dermatitis under Pellagra proceeds according to the type of branchy peeling, and the description given by Shalamov, “as its own skin disappears from the body,” is a “poetic exaggeration”, apparently ascending to his pepper metaphors-“herself was a prose, accusation, accusation, accusation, accusation, accusation, accusation, accusation document, protocol.

" But, at the same time, Shalamov, apparently, knew about the symptom of “pellagroous gloves” and “pellagroous boots” - brown, clearly defined hyperpigmentation in the vengens of the sun’s open areas in patients with this disease. As a kind of clinical case, Shalamov puts the recognition of the defendants in indicative processes - where prominent representatives of anti -Stalinist oppositions - “Trotskyists”, “Zinovievites” and “right”, who gave conference and received, usually received death sentences, were bred in expression and wrecking.

Shalamov, like many others, who did not believe the “Stalinist justice”, deeply worried about the causes of the phantasmagoric confessions, with which the defendants of Moscow processes stipulated themselves and others.The secret of the processes of the thirties, “open to both foreign correspondents, and any Feihtwangger” [1; ], was according to Shalamov, a secret pharmacology "Bukinist".

As you can see, Shalamov did not believe that specially selected doubles were replaced on the processes of the defendants, and in the disputes between the “physicists” who saw the reason for the confidence in torture and “chemists”, who believed that the defendants were influenced by psychotropic means, was inclined to the side of the latter. Shalamov, in our opinion, rightly believed that torture and “conveyor” interrogations were suitable for closed ships, “special meetings” and “triples”, where the defendant’s refusal of recognition at the “final stage”, and such cases, were shown by the KGB archives, were not as rare only in the protocols of the case under the Griff “completely secret”.

The demonstration processes, which were allowed, among other things, foreign representatives, should not have been sowning doubts about the “involvement” of the testimony of the “traitors of the Motherland”. Torture, as you know, do not pass without a trace for the appearance of a person, and applying them all the more risky that in the process or at the time of the sentence, when there was no longer any defendant could publicly disavow the testimonies received under torture [11].

The version of the psychopharmacological impact on the under investigation of “Moscow processes” may have acquired the weight in the eyes of Shalamov and for the reason that some doctors who recognized the poisons “on the instructions of the leadership of the Right-Trotsky Bloc and personally berries” were bred for the last process in the year, along with Bukharin, Rykov.