Biography about Nikolai 1

Polyevktov "Nicholas I. Biography and Review of the Reign" Moscow, the year the introduction of this book was formed by two different texts: the biography of Emperor Nicholas I and the course dedicated to the review of the Nikolaev era, which was read by the Petrograd Higher Women's Courses and the concocted. The course helped the author establish his main points of view on the Nikolaev reign and determined the construction of the book; The biography gave actual content.

The course was designed for two years. In the first year, it was possible to make only an overview of government activities; The second year was supposed to be devoted to society and the currents of public thought in the Nikolaev reign. The change in the curriculum of teaching Russian history in the courses prevented the implemented program in general, and the second half of the course remained unread.

This makes the author abandon the time of the thought - to give an overview of the Nikolaev era, and to limit himself at first a more modest task - the biography and viewing of the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. Under Moscow in Petrovsky-Razumovsky, May Rockstul year. The third son of Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich, Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich was born in the last year of the reign of Empress Catherine II, June 25.

The first time after his birth, Nikolai Pavlovich, as at one time, his older brothers Alexander and Konstantin, was taken in the care of the empress to the very empress [1]; But already on November of the same year, the empress died, and the concerns of his upbringing passed directly to his parents. After the death of Emperor Paul, Empress Maria Fedorovna officially handed over the upbringing of her younger sons - Nikolai and Mikhail, who was born in the year of the year, to keep her eldest son, who had entered the throne.

Emperor Alexander Pavlovich, however, confirming the orders that were made in this regard by his deceased father, then almost completely did not interfere in this matter, and actually the concerns for the education of the younger Grand Dukes continued to lie on the Mother Empress. The upbringing of Grand Duke Nicholas flowed entirely in the cramped home circle of the royal family, in the atmosphere of the Gatchina court life with all the characteristic features that this life has adopted during the reign of Emperor Paul.

Pavel Petrovich himself had a warm sincere feeling for his younger children and poured a lot of ease in his relations to them and their educators. The Grand Dukes of Nikolai and Mikhail Pavlovich in their early childhood established gullible relations with their father. Nikolai Pavlovich especially used his love, and he himself was very attached to him. On the contrary, in the relationship of Empress Maria Fedorovna, an official tone prevailed to her younger children.

The great cordiality, Empress Maria Fedorovna, subjugated the upbringing of her younger children, especially at first, strict etiquette, was dry and cold and rarely left the limits of the famous ceremonial: according to the order of the order, the younger Grand Dukes and Princesses only saw their parents. In Nikolai Pavlovich, in his relationship to his mother, a sense of courteousness originally prevailed, only later giving way to a warmer feeling.

The initial upbringing of Nikolai Pavlovich was entitled mainly to two persons: Stats-Dame Charlota Karlovna Liven and Englishwoman Miss Lyon. Both of them were appointed by the Empress itself Catherine, but managed to gain the location and her daughter -in -law. Lieven soon became Maria Fedorovna’s personal friend, which in this case had considerable importance in view of the stretched relations that existed between the empress and the Grand Duke of Cheto.

Courland native, born of Baroness Gaugereben, Ms. Livn, was more likely to the liking of Maria Fedorovna. Both of them introduced into the upbringing work of a well -known purely German accuracy, purely German restraint and some narrowness of pedagogical views. As a person, Liven, apparently, was distinguished by great cordiality, and, perhaps, under her influence, Nikolai had a great love for comfort, for private life, for the family hearth, which subsequently constantly raised him so much.

From early childhood, a man of private life began to take shape in it, a family man was prepared. Later, and to issues of a state nature, he often approached with the measurement of private life, and such a measure, in turn, completely coincided with the well -known narrowness of his views, the desire to reduce everything to elementary grounds, not complicating the resolution of issues too much.

A particularly strong influence on the development of the nature of Nikolai Pavlovich was exerted by his nanny, a Scottish native, Miss Lyon Jane Lyon; Subsequently, the husband of Vyacheslov. Direct, courageous and decisive, Miss Lyon often took over to go against the instructions given to her and even dared to contradict the Empress Maria Fedorovna, which very few decided.In addition to educating character, Miss Lion instilled in his pet and certain sympathies and antipathy.

Prior to her invitation to the Grand Duke, she served in the Chicherins family. With them, she had to be in the city of Nikolai Pavlovich often heard from Miss Lyon about terrible scenes he had experienced at that time and inherited from her a hostile feeling for the Poles and Jews for life. Later, on the basis of this feeling, certain political principles developed [2].

From G. there is a news that the initially discussed the appointment of him by the teacher gr. Vorontsov, who was at that time as a messenger in England; Emperor Paul was against this appointment, as he did not trust Vorontsov, knowing his Englishman. The selection of the emperor fell on General Matvey Ivanovich Lamzdorf, shortly before this, appointed by the director of the land cadet corps, the current first in Petrograd.

According to general review, Lamzdorf, not distinguished by a wide education, did not differ in pedagogical abilities, treated his pupil not only severely, but also cruelly and set his main goal to turn him in his own way. The brutal and rough pedagogy of Lamzdorf collided, however, in this case, with a very inactive element - a stubborn and sharp character of the growing Grand Duke, which could hardly bring good results.

Simultaneously with the appointment of Lamzdorf, the Grand Duke was assigned to the "gentlemen": Major General N. Akhverdov and Colonel P. Arsenyev and P. Ushakov, who made more meek measures to education and have especially Ahovers more influence on their pupil [3]. The original education of Nikolai Pavlovich was quite random. Those persons in whose hands the upbringing of Nikolai Pavlovich concentrated were partly his first teachers.

So, Miss Lyon taught him the first prayers in Russian; Only with G. did the next cavalier deal with the Grand Duke of the Grand Duke. Akhverdov gave, in addition, the lessons of Russian history and geography, and with G. the first lessons of the French language was given by Empress Maria Fedorovna herself; In the city of German, and later, with the city of English, the start of the English language, began to fashion after the overthrow of Napoleon, Nikolai Pavlovich began to take music lessons in July, which Nikolai Pavlovich did not like, he gave Drawing, his favorite art Nikolai Pavlovich, he taught first with the city of Akimov, and the dancing was taught by Lepik and South - The birch of Egger and fencing with G.

In addition to general reasons, the desire of Empress Maria Fedorovna played a role here to weaken the excessive passion for military games and generally military classes, which naturally developed in the younger princes in the conditions of the then court life, and revive them of little developed interest in sciences. At one time, it was even supposed to send the great princes Nikolai and Mikhail Pavlovich to listen to lectures to the University of Leipzig, but this thought did not meet sympathy with Emperor Alexander Pavlovich.

In return, he found it possible for his younger brothers to attend lectures in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum established at that time. The subsequent events of G. soon were all limited to the fact that the classes of the Grand Duke - both in classes and in extracurricular time - took on more systematic in nature, the highest sciences were begun, and several professors were invited over the persons who had already taught.

The teaching of political sciences was relatively widely arranged. Adeleng began his lectures on logic and morality; With the city of Storch - his course of political sciences. This course was subdivided into a general general science, which included the philosophy of history, state and national law and political economy, and government, which included the theory of government forms and politics; The latter hugged the exercises on legislation, administration, court, police, military administration, state economy, national education and spiritual administration.

Along with the storm, prof. The puppeteer who read natural law, and the famous lawyer of that time, whose name is sometimes put along with Speransky, prof. Balujanskago, who read the encyclopedia and the history of law, and somewhat later, in and 16. Compared to such a production of teaching political sciences, it is necessary to note the extremely weak production of historical education.

The study of Russian history did not go further than the elementary lessons of Akhverdov, who had already broken off to g, on the era of John the Terrible and Troubles; Universal - further than the lessons de Pyuzha. On the contrary, the teaching of accurate sciences and military art was apparently more than more attention. The initial teaching of algebra, geometry, physics and engineering was entrusted to the famous scientist, professor and academician Kraft [4].

From the end of the city, Kraft began its course of higher mathematics and experimental and theoretical physics, which also included information on mechanics, technology, fortification and artillery.The Sovereign Alexander Pavlovich himself became interested in the organization of teaching these sciences - almost the only case of his intervention in the education of his younger brothers.

To develop a program and teaching military sciences was entrusted to engineering general K. Opperman, who proposed to his assistants to the artillery colonel A. Markovich and Colonel Lieutenant Dzhanotti. Opperman and Janotti were prominent forces in the field of military equipment; Thanks to their teaching, the young Grand Duke, all the surrounding his atmosphere more and more fascinated to the path of external military height, devoted a lot of hours to studying more pressing issues of military art at one time.

Under the influence of the Opperman, with the name of which we will meet even lower, the military engineering art became the favorite business of Nikolai Pavlovich; A good military engineer has developed from it for life. In the lessons of Janotti, which were distinguished by great seriousness, as well as Markovich, Nikolai Pav-Kolich got acquainted with the beginning of the strategy.

The lessons came down to reading and analyzing various works about individual campaigns, by the way, fat and Lloyd about the latest campaigns and GG. So, at the beginning of G. Nikolai Pavlovich gave the Opperman about the "treatise on the war against the United Forces of Prussia and Poland" drawn up by him and at about the same time dismantled the project "On the expulsion of the Turks from Europe under well -known data".

In general, it should be noted that the common opinion that Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich received a much more meager and unilateral education than his older brothers should be accepted with large reservations. It is difficult to even answer definitely whether they brought him up, as a simple Grand Duke, or was he already taken into account? Professor Storch’s course, you make the latter to assume.

Considering the general prince’s education program, it cannot be recognized that we have a program in which political sciences occupy a prominent place. True, along with this, military sciences also occupy a prominent place. However, it must be remembered that in the eyes of Emperor Alexander himself, a military affair is gaining more and more importance by this time in the general system of public administration.

By the beginning of the XIX century. The new generation of the Grand Dukes, to whom Nikolai Pavlovich belonged, was a different school than his older brother, a school, which was affected by the influence of not so much a century of political thinkers as a century of military shocks of the Napoleonic era. In the eyes of Emperor Alexander himself, however, this was now the school that the future ruler of the state was supposed to pass.

The education of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich was not scarce, but his teacher, for all his erudition, often turned out to be bad teachers, and this primarily refers to his teachers of political IAUK. Giving the proper scholarship of the storm, puppeteer and Balugyanskago, Nikolai Pavlovich himself subsequently responded about their lectures as the covert of abstract and dry.

Among the other teachers, apparently, only Opperman and Jaiotti stood out with talent and liveliness of teaching. The ideas of the storm could have an influence on the Grand Duke only later, in a more mature age. At the moment, military affairs was to be his favorite pastime.