Biography of Modest Mussorgsky

Modest Mussorgsky - biography, news, personal life Age: From the birthday of death: 42 years old Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky. Born on March 9 on March 21 in the village of Karevo Pskov province - died on March 16 28 in St. Petersburg. Russian composer, member of the "mighty pile". Modest Mussorgsky was born on March 9 on March 21 in the village of Karevo Pskov province. His family originated from the Rurikovich, but the princely title of the family lost in the 15th century.

Grandfather - Alexei Grigoryevich Mussorgsky, backward second -major Arkhangelogor infantry regiment - Irina gave birth to a son Peter. Later two daughters were born. The illegitimate offspring of the serf received a noble surname. The older brother is Filaret. From the early age of the brothers, Mom taught music - Julia Ivanovna - who played well on the piano.

In the year, having moved to Petersburg, the brothers entered the German school Petrishula. In the year, without graduating from schools, the modest entered the school of guards supporters, where, thanks to the law teacher, Krupsky’s father “deeply penetrated the very essence” of Greek, Catholic and Protestant church music. After graduating from school in the year, Mussorgsky did not last long in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.

In these years, he met A. then served in the Main Engineering Department, in the Ministry of State Property and in state control. When serfdom was canceled in the year, Modest and Filaret, like all Russian landowners, had to do an extremely difficult matter - to receive from the former serfs for the land, to deal with the rental and hiring of free labor. Modest believed: as progressive and noble people, they must give the peasants their allotments and not to demand repentant payments.

But his brother categorically did not agree. Modest Mussorgsky in his youth, Mussorgsky, was a magnificently educated and erudite Russian officer freely read and explained in French and German, sorted out Latin and Greek and sought to become, as he himself expressed, "music". He was noticed by Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev and invited him to his musical circle.

It was Balakirev that made Mussorgsky pay attention to music classes. Under his leadership, Mussorgsky read the orchestral scores, analyzed harmony, counterpoint and form in the works of recognized Russian and European composers, and developed the skill of their critical assessment. The game on the piano Mussorgsky studied since A. Gerke and became a good pianist.

By nature, possessing a beautiful chamber baritone, he willingly sang in private music meetings in evenings. In the year in St. Petersburg, the first publication of the composer - the piano Polka “Subjector” came out. In the year, Mussorgsky wrote two scherszo, of which one was instrumented for the orchestra and was performed in a year in the concert of the Russian Musical Society, under the control of A., work on a large uniform, Mussorgsky began with music to the tragedy of Sophocles "Oedipus", but did not graduate from it one choir was performed in the concert of K.

Lyadov in the city of the following great thoughts - Opera according to the novel by Floret "Salambo" another name - “The Libyan” and the plot of “marriage” of Gogol - were also not realized to the end. Mussorgsky used music from these sketches in his later works. The opera Boris Godunov on the tragedy of A. Pushkin - Mussorgsky brought his largest plan - Mussorgsky brought to the end.

In October, the final materials were presented by the composer at the Directorate of Imperial Theaters. Allegedly, the reason for the refusal was the absence of a “female element” in the opera. The premiere of Boris Godunov took place on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg only in the year on the material of the second edition of the opera, in the drama of which the composer was forced to make significant changes.

For 10 years, Boris Godunov was given in the Mariinsky Theater 15 times and then removed from the repertoire. Mussorgsky’s music won recognition in Russia and throughout the world, after the death of the composer, it is characteristic that his tombstone depicts a musical fragment from the choir “Sennakherib’s defeat”, to this day only to connoisseurs.

On a large stage - a concert stage - Mussorgsky’s music was brought by N. Rimsky -Korsakov, who gave several years of his life to put the legacy of his late friend in order. Modern musicians often evaluate the editorial offices of Rimsky-Korsakov as “non-authorized”, since the editor strongly intervened not only in instrumentation, but often the rules “out of the best motives” and harmony, rhythm, and the form of the original.

In the 19th century, the full -scale productions of the operas of Gorxing were extremely rare. The opera “Boris Godunov” was set in the city of the first performance of Khovanschina in St. Petersburg, in the Kononov Hall, forces of the amateur musical and dramatic circle. On the professional opera scene, Khovanshchina was delivered for the first time in the year of Mussorgsky invented the dramatic opera “People’s Musical Drama” “Khovanshchina” according to the plan of V.

Stasov, while working on the comic opera for the plot of the Sorochinsky Fair of Gogol.During the life of Mussorgsky, Khovanshchina was not published or put. For the "Sorochinsky Fair", Mussorgsky composed the first two acts, as well as for the third act of several scenes: the dream of Parobka where he used the music of the symphonic fantasy "The Night on the Lysya Gora", made earlier for unfulfilled collective work - the opera -ballet "Mlada", the duma of Parasia and Gopak.

In the musical work of Mussorgsky, Russian national features found an original and vivid expression. This determining feature of his style has proved to be diverse: in the ability to treat folk songs and church music, including ancient Russian monodia, in the melody, harmony of modalisms, linearity, non -standard chords, including blocks, rhythmics complex, “non -durable” meters, original rhythm -formulas, form; Finally, in the development of plots, mainly from Russian life.

Mussorgsky is a Rutin hate, for him there were no authorities in music. He paid little attention to the rules of musical “grammar”, seeing not the provisions of science, but only a collection of composer techniques of previous eras, which he did not want to use, for example, he almost completely lacks the simulation and polyphonic development of musical material, which was inherent in many of his Western colleagues, especially in Germany.

Hence the constant desire of the Mussorgsky-composer to the novelty in everything. The specialty of Mussorgsky is vocal music. On the one hand, he strove for realism, on the other hand, to the colorful and expressive disclosure of the word. In an effort to follow the word, musicologists see continuity with the creative method of A. The love lyrics as such attracted him little.

He widely manifest the specific style of Mussorgsky in cases where he turns to Russian peasant life. Nekrasov, “SPI-UI, Peasant Son” from the “governor” by A. Ostrovsky, “Gopak” from “Gaidamaks” T. Shevchenko, “Svetik Savishna” to the verses of Mussorgsky himself, skillfully stylizing the folk five -word and pl. In such songs and romances, Mussorgsky finds a true and dramatic musical expression for hopelessness and sorrow, which is hidden under the external humor of the text of the songs.

Humor, irony and satire were generally well succeeded in Mussorgsky in a fairy tale about the “goat”, in a “seminarist” who was in a “seminarist” who was in love with the priest’s daughter, in the music pamphlet “Rahu”, in the song “Spring” and others. Expressive recitation is distinguished by the song “Orphan” and the ballad “Forgotten” to the plot of the well -known picture by V.

Mussorgsky. New, original tasks, apply new peculiar techniques for their implementation, which was clearly expressed in its vocal paintings from children's life, in a small cycle under the title of “children's” text belongs to the composer. The vocal cycle “Songs and Dance of Death” is exceptional dramatic power; the words of Golenishchev-Kutuzov; “Treepak” - a picture of a fitting peasant freezing in the forest; "Lullaby" sounds on the face of the mother at the bed of her dying child, etc.

The largest creative achievements of Mussorgsky are concentrated in the area of ​​the opera, his own variety of which he named, including so that his creations in this genre would not cause an association with the concert-romantic opera aesthetics “musical drama” in Russia. The musical language and dramaturgy of “Boris” meant a complete gap with the routine of the then opera theater, the action of “musical drama” was performed from now on specifically musical means.

Both copyright editions of Boris Godunov and GG. The first edition, which was very different from the romance stereotypes of the opera representation that prevailed during the Mussorogsky romance stereotypes, was especially different for its time. This explains the original sharp criticism of Boris, which saw in the innovations of the drama "unsuccessful libretto", and in music - "many roughness and misses." Mussorgsky left only a few works for the orchestra, from which the symphonic picture “Night on Lysya Gora” stands out.

This is a colorful picture of “Sabbath of the Spirits of Darkness” and “Greatness of Chernobog”. The “Interjro” is less known for the piano in the city of the outstanding work of Mussorgsky for the piano-the cycle of plays “Pictures from the exhibition”, written in the year as musical illustrations-epizodes to the watercolors of V. Contrasting plays of penetration of the Russian theme-reflecting, reflecting the change of moods during the transition from one picture to another.

The Russian theme opens the composition and it finishes its “heroic gates”, now transforming into the anthem of Russia and its Orthodox faith. In years, Mussorgsky painfully experienced the gradual collapse of the “mighty pile” - a tendency that he perceived as a concession to musical conformism, cowardice, even treason. The misunderstanding of his work in the official academic environment, as, for example, in the Mariinsky Theater, then led by foreigners and sympathizers of Western opera fashion for compatriots was painful.These experiences of non -recognition and “incomprehensibility” gained expression in the “nervous fever”, which intensified in the 2nd half of the 10ths, and, as a result, in addiction to alcohol.

Mussorgsky was not used to making preliminary sketches, sketches and drafts. He pondered everything for a long time, composed and recorded completely ready -made music.

This feature of his creative method, multiplied by nervous disease and alcoholism, was the cause of the slowed down process of creating music in the last years of his life. Having quit from the Forest Department where the last bright event was arranged by his friend, singer D. Leonova, a trip in July and September of the year in the south of Russia. During the tour of Leonova, Mussorgsky acted as its accompanist, including often performed his own innovative works.

A characteristic feature of his late pianism was a free and harmoniously bold improvisation. The concerts of Russian musicians, who were given in Poltava, Elizavetgrad, Nikolaev, Kherson, Odessa, Sevastopol, Rostov-on-Don, Voronezh and other cities, took place with an unchanged success that assured the composer, although not for long, that his path “to the new shores” was elected correctly.

One of the last public speeches of Mussorgsky took place at the evening of memory of F. Dostoevsky in St. Petersburg, February 4. When a portrait of the great writer was taken out in front of the public, the Mussorgsky sat behind the piano and sparkled a funeral bell ringing. Mussorgsky died in the Nikolaev Military Hospital in St. Petersburg, where he was placed on February 13 after an attack of White Gereshok.

There, a few days before his death, Ilya Repin wrote the only lifetime portrait of the composer. Mussorgsky was buried in the Tikhvinsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. In the year in the village of Naumovo, the Kuninsky district of the Pskov region, the Mussorgsky Museum-Reserve M. Mussorgsky manor in the village of Karevo nearby was not preserved in the Chirikovsky estate of the Chirikovs.