Biography Classicism

The manifesto of the liberties of the nobility opens up a free travel abroad for the upper strata of society, leisure appears among the nobles, and European education comes into fashion. This is a period of rapid evolution, when Russia is aware of itself in the European artistic context and tries to catch up with Europe. Lomonosov describes the “Three Stiels” of the Russian Literary Language and creates a hierarchical system of genres - in accordance with these norms, Russian writers fill out vacancies of their own Boailles, Racine and Moliere, creating at first imitation and then more and more original things.

Lomonosov norms act up to Karamzin - but Derzhavin violates them and radically reforms Russian lyrics. Starting with Sumarokov, the first professional writer, together with the civil self -consciousness of the educated class, journalism and the usual prose are developing. Initially low genres quickly improve their reputation, creating the ground for realism: the last classic comedy, “Woe from Wit”, appears already in the twenties of the XIX century.

Oda for Khotin’s capture Mikhail Lomonosov, classicism imagined literature as an accurate science - Lomonosov, who systematized the Russian versification and created the theory of styles and genres, himself proposed their canonical patterns: “Oda for the capture of Khotin” was attached to the Lomonosov “Letter about the rules of Russian poem” as a visual benefit.

Based on the pre -Petrine tradition, Lomonosov built his ode according to Western samples. Her obligatory features to Derzhavin are a rhyme scheme, a ten -line stanza, a four -stage iambic, a solemn occasion, the obligatory symbolic genealogy of the monarch Peter I and Ivan the Terrible are from heaven to approve the continuation of his works. Biblical and ancient images and phraseology, the presentation of the queen in the image of the earthly goddess, the glorification of the Russian power, not just won a local victory, but triumphant on universal scale.

It is from the Khotinskaya Oda that many, for example, Belinsky, conduct the chronology of Russian literature. A letter on the benefits of glass Mikhail Lomonosov is a canonical example of Russian didactic poetry of the New Age. This pragmatic goal is in complete agreement with the pragmatic enlightenment of Lomonosov to science, the meaning of which is to benefit, and to fiction, under which Lomonosov is brought by a scientific apparatus.

Freemader Denis Fonvizin Comedy, ridicuating the non -education and conservatism of provincial landowners in combination with their general enthusiasm for all French. The foreman's family wants to marry his son to the daughter of an adviser, but the more actively the matchmaking goes, the more confusing the love intrigue becomes. Protecting the cook, or the adventures of a depraved woman Mikhail Chulkov, the first Russian novel, also written by a spacious, almost Pisari language, sentenced by proverbs and sayings.

Marton, the widow of a sergeant who died near Poltava, remains without a penny and breaks his way upstairs: having entered the maintenance to the butler first, changes him to the master, then on another, deceives the patron with his lover, cheating and unprincipled, gets rid of the bag and prison and finally acquires a namedz. The ordinary life and ordinary people were also described before Sumarokov or Maikov, but only as a subject of condemnation and ridicule; The high literature of classicism was oriented primarily on knowing.

In the Picares of Chulkov, the moralizing is replaced by everyday wisdoms in the spirit of "wealth gives birth to honor." Chulkov himself indicated the place of his novel in the literary hierarchy with the lips of the clerk, who believes that the ode of Lomonosov is “nonsense and it is not worth the last office note”; Nevertheless, the literary “jokes” of this kind created the ground for the Pushkin “Belkin’s Tales”.

Undergrowth Denis Fonvizin a textbook comedy about the flaws of Russian life in general and the problems of education in particular. The landowner Prostakova wants to give out a kind of orphanage for his brother Skotin, but having learned that the relative received an inheritance, trying to arrange her marriage with her son Mitrofanushka. The word "undergrowth", the initially neutral definition of a young nobleman who has not yet been received, after the release of the comedy turns into a curse.

The names of the heroes become household, and the phrase “I don’t want to study - I want to marry” goes to the people. Felitsa Gavril Derzhavin Oda Catherine II, written with unprecedented freedom and naive familiarity, which turned the classic canon. Preserving the formal features of the Oda, Felitsa introduced the lyrical author’s “Self” into the fermented genre, the expansion of the passage that is unthinkable in high poetry about how the wife affectionately searches for the author of lice.

The poet calls the empress the name of the virtuous Kyrgyz princess from her own allegorical fairy tale, he himself trying on the mask of her “Murza”. The Empress is shown not by the earthly goddess in all regalia, but by a real woman who walks on foot, eats the simplest food, spends days and nights in useful works, without sparing herself.In this, her nobles are opposed to her: a radical innovation was the connection of the Oda with the satirical pamphlet.

The author repents of vanity - vanity, laziness, ignorance, motionism: in the descriptions, the favorites of Catherine, with whom she sent the ode, emphasizing the relevant passages, were easily recognized in the descriptions. The portrait of a modest, hardworking ruler, encouraging free thought, inspiring love, and not fear, touched Catherine to tears; Derzhavin received a diamond snuffbox and woke up the first Russian poet.

Yabeda Vasily Kapnist acute satire for officials and courts. The rich landowner of the rights, aka Yabeda, is trying to take away the estate from officer Pryamikov, resorting to conspiracy with judges and bribes. In the comedy of the capnist is more tragic than comic, and the episode, where drunken officials sing a song with the words “Take it! The lesson to the flows, or Lipetsk waters Alexander Shakhovskaya Romk about the insidiousness of female seduction.

Prince Kholmsky arrives at the Lipetsk resort and discovers that the bridegroom of his sister Olenka is trying to seduce Countess Leleva, who wants to correct her situation due to successful marriage. Surrounded by the countess stands out the writer of the tearful Ballad Fialkin - a parody of Zhukovsky. In many ways, it was this satirical escapade that caused fierce criticism of the whole work, which Pushkin ironically called the Lipetsk Flood.

Woe from the mind, Alexander Griboedov, the last and main triumph of the classic comedy in Russia becomes a triumph precisely because the main character - Chatsky is already a person from another time that comes to the past. Contemporaries suspected that Chatsky - a caricature of Chaadaev, Pushkin refused Chatsky in his mind - but at the same time spoke of Griboedov’s exceptional mind.

A fairly trivial conflict - Chatsky discovers that his lover has cooled down to him and he himself is inappropriate - Griboedov makes a conflict of an exalted hero with an inlet and vulgar world at the same time. The aphoristic lines from the “grief from the mind” we still quote about and without reason.